Comments:For semantics of Bsq ‘acorn’ ~ PNC ‘fruit’, cf. Eng. acorn ~ Old Norse akarn ‘fruit of wild trees, mast’, including but not restricted to acorns ~ Gothic akarn ‘fruit of the field, harvest’.
Comments:Apparently *sirsu-r̄ > *sincu-r̄; *sirsu-lo > sursulo; Cf. PEC *ćwĭrs_V 'gullet'. Or zurzulo could be by haplology < *sincur̄-suɫɦo 'throat-tube' (see *suɫɦo).
Comments:In some but not all dialects the default form (zizari, zizare) denotes 'earthworm' and palatal forms (xixari, txitxare, etc.) denote intestinal worms. It is also possible that all or some of the Bsq words are related instead to PEC *ǯimǯV (~ *ʒ́imʒ́V) ‘leech; a biting insect’, or that the latter is an expressive variant of PEC *sēmsā.
Comments:Cf. PEC *sɨ̄rVsV 'hoar-frost, icicle'. Cf. Basque ziztor 'a special sausage made for St. Thomas' day (Dec. 21)', (LAB) zizter 'chorizo, a kind of sausage', probably based on shape like an icicle.
Comments:Common Bsq *soc (zotz) ‘stick, toothpick’. The western Bsq meaning ‘tap, spigot’ is apparently a development of ‘stick (inserted into hole of a cask)’. Apparently NC has preserved only the specialized meaning, though attested in only three languages (Chechen, Lezgi, Kryz).
Meaning:1 meadow 2 field 3 field (prepared for sowing) 4 aftergrowth, second cutting (of grass, hay) 5 small plot or plaza where the youth gather to dance 6 estate, farm
Araban:soro 6
Bizkaian:solo 3
Gipuzkoan:soro 2
High Navarrese:(Irun) soro 1
Low Navarrese:sorho 4
Lapurdian:sorho 1
Baztanese:soro 4, 5
Zuberoan:sórho 1
Comments:This word is usually thought to be a loanword from Lat. solum, but it is phonetically and semantically distinct from the actual Bsq loanword zoru 'ground, floor'. Cf. PNC *č_Häɫu 'earth, ground, sand' (31).
Comments:Azkue cites sorbalda as common Basque, but dialects use various other words for 'shoulder', cf. *śoin. It is also possible that *śor̄- is a stem variant of *śoin.
Comments:Rather surprisingly, there seems to exist no expressive/diminutive form, which would be *xorri /šor̄i/ or *txorri /čor̄i/, depending upon dialect.
Comments:xoxo [šošo] is the diminutive/expressive variant, generalized as the unmarked term in northeastern dialects. Cf. PNC *šVnšV / *čVnčV 'a kind of bird' (Chechen šoršal 'thrush, blackbird', etc.).
Comments:An exceptional form with a fossilized class prefix is Araban itsu 'fire' in itsu arri 'flint' < *i=ću har̄i 'fire stone' = (c) su(h)arri 'flint'.
Comments:Vasconists agree that this pronoun was originally 2nd person plural, changed to singular (polite) in present-day Bsq, following the spread of a "T-V distinction" in western Europe. Some dialects (SAL, BNV-Garazi) also have a palatalized variant xu [šu], "intermediate in familiarity between hi and zu" (Trask 1997: 96). A new 'you' (plural) has developed by the addition of the plural marker -k: (c) zu-ek, etc. Cf. PNC *źwĕ 'you (2d p. plur. pron.)'.
Proto-Basque:*śudu-r̄
Meaning:nose
Bizkaian:sur, (Markina) suur
Gipuzkoan:sudur
High Navarrese:sudur, sugur
Low Navarrese:sudur
Salazarese:sudur
Lapurdian:sudur
Zuberoan:südür
Roncalese:sudur
Comments:So far this word has eluded any firm external cognate. Speculatively, cf. PEC šHīwṭV 'whistle, reed-pipe', if Bsq *śudu-r̄ resulted from a jocular or slangy usage, analogous to English whistle in "wet one's whistle," i.e. 'throat'.
Comments:The diminutive/expressive forms xilo, xillo, etc. have become usual in ZBR and RNC. As noted by Mitxelena, medieval place names have only zulho or zulo, thus the oldest form is postulated to have been *suɫɦo. This is a component of compounds such as (GIP) ipurt-zulo 'anus', eztar-zulo 'pharynx', (ZBR) südür-xílo 'nostril', etc. Cf. Lezgi sulu-r 'throat'.
